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1. #HOW TO ADD A CAPACITOR TO GROUND IN POWER WORLD SIMULATOR HOW TO#
2. #HOW TO ADD A CAPACITOR TO GROUND IN POWER WORLD SIMULATOR TRIAL#

So I use three wire connections all the time. I find it is rather difficult to double insulate DIY projects and still have the circuitry be effectively shielded (more on that in a bit). Any potentially dangerous voltages will be "grounded" to the earth. This is to protect the user in case there is an internal failure. As part of many electrical codes all exposed metal parts of AC mains electrically powered equipment must be either connected to the "earth" ground or doubly insulated from any electrical connections. Eventually these grounds need to connect, but I will get to that later.Īs I mentioned earlier there is a third "ground" the case or chassis. What it does mean is that the power supply is wired independently from the active signal portion. This does not mean that the physical components can't be on the same board though. So how do you do this? I find that a sort of modular arrangement is best.

So my rule number one is to absolutely avoid having any ground conductor handling both signal and power. I grant that this is a gross simplification, but it does illustrate the situation. Even a 1% noise level in the DC will result in a noise voltage equal to the signal voltage. Since it is really unlikely that the power is perfectly clean DC it will contaminate the signal with hum and noise. The contribution to the voltages on the conductor is then, 1 mV for the signal and 0.1 Ampere times 1 ohm equals 100 mV for the power - see Ohm's Law for equations. So for an example: the conductor is a piece of wire that has a 1 ohm resistance, the signal voltage (and thus its return) has one millivolt (mV)of amplitude and the power supply is causing a flow of 100 milliamperes (mA) through the wire. Each will generate a proportional corresponding voltage. Remembering that anytime current flows through a conductor it will cause a voltage, let us see what happens if you mix the signal and power grounds. The case ground I will cover a bit later. Likewise the power supply ground is the return path for the power used by the circuitry. The signal ground's usual and primary function is to provide a return path for the audio. Each has a particular function and all interact. The first is obvious, the signal ground, the second is the power supply ground and third and often ignored is the case or chassis ground. In a typical piece of audio equipment (most everything else as well) there are usually three distinct ground circuits.

Actually the voltage is first, but in this case we want to concentrate on the current. Any conductor has some finite resistance and anytime some current is passed through it a voltage will be correspondingly created. A little side trip into electricity and conductors is appropriate now.

#HOW TO ADD A CAPACITOR TO GROUND IN POWER WORLD SIMULATOR TRIAL#

Since then, I have both studied and learned by trial and error a few things that work.įirst and probably the most important thing I learned is all grounds should not go directly to the chassis. My first high gain tube audio project was a marvelous hum generator. It was not until I got serious about designing circuits instead of building ones someone else designed, that I came face to face with the error of my thinking. Everything connects to the chassis, right? Wrong. Grounding and shielding was something I took for granted. While I have been involved in one form or another of electronics for about 50 years there were always some holes in my knowledge. These however, work for me and are a collection of things I have discovered and learned that you can apply to many DIY projects. From a formal perspective, there have been a numerous texts written on all this for those of you with insomnia. It is more of a practical nature, and for sure, there are other ways of doing the things I mention. The following information is not designed to be a definitive treaty on grounding and shielding in DIY audio equipment.

#HOW TO ADD A CAPACITOR TO GROUND IN POWER WORLD SIMULATOR HOW TO#

I get numerous questions and requests for assistance about how to "get rid of hum". Grounding and Shielding for your DIY Audio Projects